The Protection of childrens rights and rehabilitation in Malaysia - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2969 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? THE PROTECTION OF RIGHTS : CHILDREN IN NEED OF PROTECTION AND REHABILITATION IN MALAYSIA INTRODUCTION Children are our future. Every child has the right to a safe, happy and content childhood notwithstanding of their social origin, sex, religion, where and to whom they were born. This is the core principle enshrined in The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the most widely adopted international human rights treaty of the time.[1] [2] Malaysia too, is committed to provide the best protection and care for the Children, who forms 35% of the population[3]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Protection of childrens rights and rehabilitation in Malaysia" essay for you Create order Since the ratification of UNCRC in 1995[4], Malaysia has taken various steps in executing its responsibilities and commitments under the Convention. This includes the enforcement of the Child Act 2001 [Act 611]. Three specific laws in Malaysia relating to children were amalgamated in Act 611 namely, the Protection Act 1991 that focuses on child abuse and neglect cases; the Juvenile Court Act 1947 (Act 90) that deals with children in conflict with the law as well as the Juvenile Court procedures; and the Women and Girls Protection Act 1973 (Act 106) that provides the protection for the women and young girls who are involved in immoral activities[5]. The sexual crime rate among youth are increasing every year. Apart from the common crimes like molest and rape cases, prostitution, immoral sexual activities, pregnant out of wedlock involving children are indubitably alarming. Until June 2013, 141 underage girls were rescued from the promiscuous sexual activities and prostitution throu ghout Malaysia and over the past year, a total of 230 children were rescued and sent to a reform school[6]. For these children, it is never too late for them to be protected and rehabilitated. Part VI of Act 611, taken from Act 106 with further improvement[7], specifically articulates the provisions for the children in need of protection and rehabilitation. Section 38 of Act 611 defines a child[8] is in need of protection and rehabilitation if he or she: (a) is being induced to perform any sexual act, or is in any physical or social environment which may lead to the performance of such act; (b) lives in or frequents any brothel or place of assignation; or (c) is habitually in the company or under the control of brothel-keepers or procurers or persons employed or directly interested in the business carried on in brothels or in connection with prostitution. In addition, under Section 41, if there is a reasonable cause to believe that the child is being either threatened , intimidated, or to be confined or detained by another for the purposes of prostitution or having sexual intercourse or for any immoral purposes; or the child is pregnant out of wedlock, it is deemed under the law that the child is in urgent need of protection. Any place, institution or centre may be established or appointed as a place of refuge in accordance with Section 55 of Act 611, for the care, protection and rehabilitation of the children. There are three types of care and rehabilitation institution- governmental, semi-governmental and non-governmental organization.[9] Preserving the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right and their best interests are essential for the development of every child, including those who are in the custody and rehabilitation. However, Part VI of Act 611 lacks provision on the procedures and protection while in custody. Hence, the aim of the research is to investigate and evaluate to what extent the extent the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights ar e observed and protected while in custody. LITERATURE REVIEW Research conducted: A number of researches with different aims have been conducted on the above category of children. Most of the research focuses on the effectiveness of the program offered. Johari Talib (1985) evaluates the effectiveness of the rehabilitation programme at Taman Seri Puteri Rembau[10]. Azizi Yahaya et all (2001) assesses the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process at Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Gadis, Taman Seri Puteri Cheras, Jerantut, Rembau and Tunas Bakti Sungai Lereh Melaka[11]. Azizi et all(2010)further evaluate the effectiveness of the programmes conducted at Taman Seri Puteri Batu Gajah, Perak and Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢dah, Kuala Lumpur[12]. On the other hand, research conducted by Muhamad, Luqman Z (2006)[13] explores the nature of child prostitution in Malaysia and identifies the key characteristics of victimized children. PS Tan et all (2012)[14] investigates the com mon characteristics of pregnant adolescents residing in a government shelter home. A qualitative research on the daily experiences of the unwed teenage mothers at the shelter homes in Malaysia has been conducted by NJ Saim et all (2013)[15]. A study by Abdullah (2010) examines the social interaction between the staff and the girls at the rehabilitation centre[16]. The findings According to Muhamad, Luqman Z (2006) the regimented three years system resulted depression, tense and sadness among the young women during the custody. The girls experienced a sense of depersonalization and disconnection due to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"controlà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and restriction of social intercourse. The generic day-to-day living conditions and routine causes depersonalisation, while the physical and psychological isolation from their family, community, and culture causes disconnection[17]. NJ Saim et all (2013) found that the girls are emotionally insecure to share their feelings or problems with the social worker in charge or the staff who was appointed as their guardian. It was pointed out that some of the staff used derogatory names for them and their babies such as bitch, prostitute, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“anak haramà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [18]. According to Abdullah (2006) these children have developed pseudo-family relationship and prone to be pretentious throughout the rehabilitation to avoid being punished. In terms of education during custody, Abdul Hadi (1995) sustains that the system and detention are punitive, although it is regarded as a measure to protect the children. This is because their freedom is deprived and often subjected to a programme of instruction such as cooking, which they may not enjoy[19]. The programmes conducted at the rehabilitation centres, commonly cooking, sewing and handicraft making, do not fulfil the needs of society and job placement but rather designed to transform the children into good housewives (Luqman 2006 and Azizi 2010). Furthermore, according to Azizi (2001), the co-curricular activities are less likely to improve discipline as it is confined to leisure activities only[20]. Another important finding is that, there are instances whereby the children were not permitted to meet the adoptive families of their baby. They were also been deprived to sign the consent letter in front of the commissioner of oaths for intra-familial adoptions[21]. (NJ Saim et all). Furthermore, their time with family are often too restricted.[22] (Azizi 2010)(NJ Saim et all). PRINCIPAL RESEARCH QUESTION Most of the existing research gives an overview on the effectiveness of the programme offered at the rehabilitation centre. However, there is a deficiency in determining and assessing the adequacy of the law and policies to protect the rights of these children during and post-custody and rehabilitation, which this research seeks to investigate: Research Objective: To identify the Malaysian law and policy in protecting the rights of the children during and post-rehabilitation programme To evaluate the law and policies, whether it meets the standard of the UNCRC To evaluate the effectiveness of the law and policies by looking at the percentage of successfulness and recidivism. Specific Objective: (concentrating on the following main areas of interest) The right to education-Proper education is essential for the Children improve their standards of living and will lead to the decrease in disparities and crime opportunities. Many of these children are school dropouts[23]. This research will propose options to enable them to have access to standard education. Right to be treated with dignity and respect- Girls who are pregnant or previously indulged with prostitution may be socially ostracised by the caregiver. This research will develop a standard of procedure / rules for the children and caregiver and to promote the enhancement of their interpersonal and intrapersonal communication skills. The well-being of the child (mother) and her baby- This research will propose a solution to ensure these children have the right to standard health care. Besides that, this research will investigate whether the legal procedures on adoption are adhere to. The integration with the society.- This research will study the childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience reuniting with their members and reintegration with the society. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This research will employ qualitative method. The childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s daily activities will be highly considered. Equally, all other Stakeholder on the issue, for instance the Public Welfare Department, the administrator and the staff of the place of refuge, the child protection team, NGOs and the Court for children officer, are expected to take part in the data collection. Fundamentally, the internationalstandards and principles on child protection will be critically studied to set a benchmark.The existing legal and policy framework concerning the children defined in Part VI of the 2001 act shall be scrutinized to determinethe extent to which domestic legislation, systems and policies reflect the principles and provisions of the UNCRC. For these purposes, a library research will be conducted to examine the legal literatures from the primary and secondary sources which includes but not limited to the statutes, case-law, extra-legal materials, books, articles, seminar papers and newspapers. Secondly, observation, focus groups and personal interviews with defined children. The focus groups will be carefully designed so as to giveevery child the opportunity to express their experiences, views and recommendations. Children-centred approach will be adopted during the interviews. This will place the children at the heart of the research process, by recognising them as strong, capable, and knowledgeable experts on their own lives, possessing knowledge, perspective and interest that is best gained from the children themselves[24]. This is highly important to give the insights of the daily experience of the children and is essential for the evaluation of the implementation of the law and policy on the protection of their rights. In-depth interviews with child rightsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ duty-bearers and stakeholders will be conducted in ascertaining the roles and responsibilities. It will also analyse and evaluate the activities being impl emented and the achievement to the best interest of the children, as well as investigating the issues that hinder the implementation. RESEARCH PLANNING BIBLIOGRAPHY A Study On Pregnant Adolescents Residing In A Government Home: Common Characteristics And Their Views On The Pregnancy Tan Pei Sun, Su Xu Vin, Kevin Tan Teck Meng, Hizlinda Tohid, Noor Azimah Muhammad, Khairani Omar The official Journal of the Academy of Malaysian Family Physician 2012 Volume 7, Number 1, ISSN: 1985-207X (print), 1985-2274 (electronic) Child Protection Laws In Malaysia: The Changing Trend Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff A conference paper presented at The 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC6): Engaging Malaysian Modernity 50 Years and Beyond, 5-7 August 2008 Available at https://www.scribd.com/document/35692898/Law-and-Child-Abuse asessed on 1 April 2014 Children in Prostitution: A study of young women in the rehabilitation centres in Malaysia. Mohama d, Lukman Z.(2006) Doctoral thesis, Durham University available at https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2688/ retrieved on 4 April 2014 Convention on the Rights of a Child The United Nations Treaty Collection available at https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATYmtdsg_no=IV-11chapter=4lang=en retrieved on 31 March 2014 Keberkesanan Program-Program Pemulihan Tingkah laku Di Taman Seri Putri Batu Gajah Dan Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢adah. Yahaya, AziziandHashim, SharinandAbd Wahab, Jesmin(2010) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository (Unpublished) available at https://eprints.utm.my/10617/ retrieved on 6th April 2014 Listen to the Voices of Unwed Teenage Mothers in Malaysian Shelter Homes: An Explorative Study Nor Jana Saim,Mona DufÃÆ' ¥ker, Malin Eriksson Mehdi Ghazinou Global Journal of Health Science Vol. 5, No. 5; 2013 ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744 Canadian Center of Science and Education Listening to young children Clark, A. Moss, P. National Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bureau and Rowntree Foundation London, 2001. Muslim States And The Implementation Of The Convention On The Rights Of A Child : With Special Reference To Malaysia Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. MÃÆ' ¼ller 1st Edition , Martinus Nijhoff , The Netherlands 2013. Penyata Rasmi (Hansard) Dewan Rakyat Penggal kelima Mesyuarat Ketiga [Rabu, 20 Oktober 1999] available at https://www.parlimen.gov.my/hansard-dewan-akyat.html?uweb=drarkib=yes retrieved on 4 April 2014 Population by Age, Malaysia, 2013 Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, available at https://pqi.stats.gov.my/result.php?token=b59bcc50b48aae3830f1c02bc5cc6b1f retrieved on 31 March 2014 Program Pemulihan Akhlak Wanita: Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Mem bantu Proses Pemulihan? Azizi Yahaya, Yusof Boon, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman and Abd Rahim Hamdan Paper presented at Persidangan Kebangsaan Pendidikan Moral Dalam Dunia Globalisasi di Universiti Malaya, 23-25 May 2001 available at https://eprints.utm.my/1561/2/um_akhlak_.pdf retrieved on 4 April 2014 Protecting Girls: Official Measures against underaged Girls rescued from Moral Danger Abdul Hadi, Z. Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press,1995 Satu Kajian Tentang Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Rancangan Pemulihan Di Taman Seri Puteri Rembau, Negeri Sembilan Johari Talib Dissertation (M.Ed.) Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya, 1985 Sexual Problems Among Teens In Malaysia: A Case Study At Youth Rehabilitation Centre In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Hemaloshinee Vasudevan (Phd Candidate) Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business Volume 5, No.4, August 2013 Tema dan isu penyelidikan mengenai gejala sosial pada dekad pertama abad 21 di Malaysia. Azlina Abdullah AKADEMIKA, 78 . pp. 3-14. ISSN 0126-5008.2010 [1] All United Nations member states, except for the United States and Somalia, have ratified the Convention [2] Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein, Muslim States And The Implementation Of The Convention On The Rights Of A Child : With Special Reference To Malaysia in : Marie-Luisa Frick and Andreas Th. MÃÆ' ¼ller (eds),Islam and International Law: Engaging Self-Centrism from a Plurality of Perspectives(1st, Martinus Nijhoff , The Netherlands 2013) at page 290 [3] Department of Statistics Malaysia Official Portal, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Population by Age, Malaysia, 2013à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, available at https://pqi.stats.gov.my/result.php?token=b59bcc50b48aae3830f1c02bc5cc6b1f retrieved on 31 March 2014 [4] The United Nations Treaty Collection, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Convention on the Rights of a Childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, available at https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATYmtdsg_no=IV-11chapter=4lang=en retrieved on 31 March 2014 [5] Jal Zabdi Mohd Yusoff, à ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Child Protection Laws In Malaysia: The Changing Trendà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ( A conference paper presented at The 6th International Malaysian Studies Conference (MSC6) : Engaging Malaysian Modernity 50 Years and Beyond, 5-7 August 2008) https://www.scribd.com/doc/35692898/Law-and-Child-Abuse assessed on 1 April 2014 [6] Hemaloshinee Vasudevan (Phd Candidate), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Sexual Problems Among Teens In Malaysia: A Case Study At Youth Rehabilitation Centre In Kuala Lumpur, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business, August 2013, Volume 5, No.4. [7] For instance, Section 40 (3) (d) provides that the court may order the parent or guardian of the child to execute a bond for a certain period or other order such as regular visits to the place of refuge. This new provision is included to held parents or guardians responsible to the conduct of the children; Section 43 establishes a new offense against any person who engages or hires a child for that personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sexual gratification for any valuable consideration. The previous Act did not provide punishment for those involved in the exploitation of women and girls. See: Penyata Rasmi (Hansard), DEWAN RAKYAT, Penggal kelima Mesyuarat Ketiga [Rabu, 20 Oktober 1999], page 30-31, available at https://www.parlimen.gov.my/hansard-dewan-rakyat.html?uweb=drarkib=yes retrieved on 4 April 2014 [8] Article 1 of UNCRC defines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as a person under the age of 18. Similarly, in the Child Act 2001 (Act 611) a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is defined as a person under the age of eighteen years; however in relation to criminal proceedings, a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"childà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is a person who has attained the age of criminal responsibility as prescribed in section 8 of the Penal Code. [9] Nor Jana Saim,Mona DufÃÆ' ¥ker, Malin Eriksson Mehdi Ghazinou, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Listen to the Voices of Unwed Teenag e Mothers in Malaysian Shelter Homes: An Explorative Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 5, No. 5; 2013 ,ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744, Canadian Center of Science and Education [10] Johari Talib, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Satu Kajian Tentang Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Rancangan Pemulihan Di Taman Seri Puteri Rembau, Negeri Sembilanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Dissertation (M.Ed.) Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Malaya, 1985 [11] Azizi Yahaya, Yusof Boon, Mohd Anuar Abd Rahman and Abd Rahim Hamdan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Program Pemulihan Akhlak Wanita: Sejauhmanakah Keberkesanan Pusat Perlindungan Wanita Membantu Proses Pemulihan?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Paper presented at Persidangan Kebangsaan Pendidikan Moral Dalam Dunia Globalisasi di Universiti Malaya,23-25 Mei 2001, available at https://eprints.utm.my/1561/2/um_akhlak_.pdf retrieved on 4 April 2014 [12] Yahaya, AziziandHashim, SharinandAbd Wahab, Jesmin(2010), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Keberkesanan Program-Program Pemulihan Tingkah l aku Di Taman Seri Putri Batu Gajah Dan Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢adah à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å". Keberkesanan Program-Program Pemulihan Tingkah laku Di Taman Seri Putri Batu Gajah Dan Kompleks Dar-Assaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢adah . pp. 1-16. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository (Unpublished) available at https://eprints.utm.my/10617/ retrieved on 6th April 2014. [13] Mohamad, Lukman Z.(2006)Children in Prostitution: A study of young women in the rehabilitation centres in Malaysia.Doctoral thesis, Durham University, available at https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2688/ retrieved on 4 April 2014 [14] Tan Pei Sun, Su Xu Vin, Kevin Tan Teck Meng, Hizlinda Tohid, Noor Azimah Muhammad,Khairani Omar, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A Study On Pregnant Adolescents Residing In A Government Home: Common Characteristics And Their Views On The Pregnancyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, The official Journal of of the Academy of Malaysian Family Physician 2012; Volume 7, Number 1, ISSN: 1985-207X (print), 1985-2274 (e lectronic) [15] Nor Jana Saim,Mona DufÃÆ' ¥ker, Malin Eriksson Mehdi Ghazinou, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Listen to the Voices of Unwed Teenage Mothers in Malaysian Shelter Homes: An Explorative Studyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Global Journal of Health Science; Vol. 5, No. 5; 2013 ,ISSN 1916-9736 E-ISSN 1916-9744, Canadian Center of Science and Education. [16] Azlina Abdullah,(2010), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tema dan isu penyelidikan mengenai gejala sosial pada dekad pertama abad 21 di Malaysia.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  AKADEMIKA, 78 . pp. 3-14. ISSN 0126-5008. [17] supra note 11, at page 243 [18] supra note 13, at page 26-27 [19] Abdul Hadi, Z. (1995). Protecting Girls: Official Measures against underaged Girls rescuedfrom Moral Danger. Kuala Lumpur, University of Malaya Press. [20] supra note 11, at page 11 [21] supra note 15 at page 22-23 [22] supra note 10; supra note 15 at page 24 [23] 69.3% of the adolescents who were school dropouts- PS Tan et all, supra note 14 at page 12 [24] Cl ark, A. Moss, P. (2001) Listening to young children (London, National Childrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Bureau and Rowntree Foundation)

George Orwell s Animal Farm And Ariel Dorfman s...

Both George Orwell’s Animal Farm and Ariel Dorfman’s Rebellion of the Magical Rabbits share the idea that people’s ignorance can contribute to their political and social oppression. These stories are both different, but at the same time are completely the same. The stories both have a different plot but have the same deeper meaning of ignorance leading to people s social and political oppression. George Orwell used real life experiences of when political leaders took over the Soviet Union and created a communist society to inspire his book while Ariel Dorfman used real life experiences of when Chile was taken over by a harsh dictatorship and the people of Chile were restricted from most of their freedoms. Both of these authors tie in the†¦show more content†¦Another relation that these two writers have is that they both quit or were forced out of their government positions. Ariel Dorfman was in a government position under a socialist who was overthrown b y a dictatorship. This is unlike George Orwell, who served under the communist idea, otherwise known as a dictatorship. Ariel Dorfman was born in Buenas Aires, Argentina in 1942 and is still alive today. Both of these authors also had similar writing styles by using allegories of the dictatorships in their countries. These two authors have a lot in common and have similar writing styles in their books, Animal Farm and The Rebellion Of The Magical Rabbits. You will read about how George Orwell and Ariel Dorfman used allegories, ironies, and real life experiences to express the lesson that people s ignorance can lead to their oppression. Both Animal Farm and The Rebellion Of The Magical Rabbits have the idea that people s ignorance lead to their oppression. Some evidence from Animal Farm that helps me support my thesis is when the author states, ´Ã‚ ´As Clover looked down the hillside her eyes filled with tears. If she could have spoken her thoughts; it would have been to say that this was not what they had aimed at when they had set themselves years ago to work for the overthrow of the human race. These scenes of terror and slaughter were not what they had looked forward to on that night when old Major first

Social Research on Health

Questions: 1. Examine why this health issue is more of a problem in the particular community at risk compared to others?2. How do the rates of disease or the health condition differ for the population you chose compared to the overall U.S. population? 3. Discuss how different factors influence this health problem? Answers: Problem Cancer is associated with the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of the cell in the particular tissues of the body. When cancer occurs in the breast, then it is termed as breast cancer. A breast is consists of glands, connective tissues, and ducts. The common kinds of breast cancers are associated with ductal carcinoma and lobular carcinoma including uncommon breast cancer as inflammatory breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma, the cancer cells are spread into other portion of the breast tissue from a ductal cell line. Lobular carcinoma only found in breast lobules. The visible changes associated with breast cancer includes redness in the breast skin, the formation of new lumps that results in swelling and pain in some areas (www.cdc.gov). The biological reason for the breast cancer is concerned with changes in the breast cancer genes namely BRCA1 and BRCA2. Factors that increase the risk of breast cancer are radiation therapy treatment, family history of breast cancer, previous history of breast diseases. In the United States, the second common cancer occurs is breast cancer. Studies have shown that every year in an average of 230,000 new cases of breast cancer in women being registered in the US. Most of the breast cancer occurs in the women who are 50 years old or above. But recently 11% of new cases are associated with the women younger than 45 years of age (womenshealth.gov). Breast cancer is a crucial health issue for Asian-American women, and it is the most commonly diagnosed cancer type among them. It is also the leading cause of the death of Filipino women. Adaptation of Western lifestyle may be the key reason for the high rate of breast cancer (www.cancer.gov). 1. Community at Risk The occurrence of breast cancer is higher in Asian-American women. It has found that the Japanese-American women are very much prone to have the highest breast cancer rate among other Asian-American. Asian American women get the breast cancer more frequently compare to the other Asian counterparts. Studies have shown the women who are migrating from the native land to the United States are developing the risk of having breast cancer six times higher. The Asian women are reported with lowest breast cancer incidents but the Asian women who have spent about one decade in America have 80 percent higher rate of breast cancer compare to the new immigrants. In the case of some Filipino American subgroups the breast cancer has become a leading cause of death. If the breast cancer monitored at the early stages, then it can offer a chance of survival. But the Asian American women are least interested in performing a mammogram. Compare to other racial groups the Asian American women have the lo wer participation rate in the self examination of breasts. Considering the example of Chinese Asian American, it has found the in China the occurrence of breast cancer in women is 18.7 among 100,000 people but in the United States, the rate is 55 per 100,000 people. Researchers have highlighted the reason for the increased rate of breast cancer is an adaptation of Western lifestyle. Intake of any particular type of food regularly in the diet is another cause of increasing breast cancer rate. The western food habit affects the estrogen receptors in the breast that result in tumor formation, and it results in 90 percent increase in breast cancer rate. The western dietary habit may contain some ingredients that increase the mutation rate to DNA and results in hormonal function change to altered cell proliferation. Apart from the Western lifestyle habit the community is facing the problem of increased rate of breast cancer due to irregularity in menstruation cycle, overweight problem, lower physical activity, and smoking and drinking habit (Wen et al., 2014). 2. Health Statistics As stated by DeSantis et al. (2014), the rate of breast cancer is different in the Asian American women compare to the overall United States population. It has found that the breast cancer rate in African American women is relatively high among the women who are less than 45 years of age, but the rate is comparatively lower than Asian American women. African American community is less likely to get proper health care, and that result in the long lasting breast cancer problem. Comparison with Latino community has revealed that the occurrence of breast cancer in women is almost same that of the Asian American community. But the death rate is comparatively low in the Latino American community. The community is prone to breast cancer due to unaware about the healthy lifestyle and prevention measures of the disease. American Indian and Alaska Natives have the least rate of breast cancers, and the death rate is also very low compare to the Asian American. One major cause for this is that a majority of American Indian have no access to the health facilities. Breast cancer is also prominent in the Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander women but the rate of occurrence vary between different women groups. The tumor in Hawaiian women found at later age compares to Asian American women. The overall breast cancer statistics of US has shown that the incidence of breast cancer is 127.8, and the rate of death due to the disease is 25.5. The Asian American women have the rate of breast cancer 89.0 per 100,000 and the death rate due to this cancer is 12.6 per 100,000. However, the White women community has the highest rate of having breast cancer 132.5 per 100,000 women in the United States (www.nlm.nih.gov). 3. Influencing Social Factors There are various factors like culture, immigration, gender, disability, socioeconomic that are responsible to influence the healthy well-being of individuals in Asian American community. Each community has their cultural interest, and North America is having the population of various Asian communities like Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Indian, Indonesian, Laotian, etc. These groups are growing at a faster rate. Asian American community usually faces problems to establish their cultural identity in the American cultural society. And thus, they often chose to adopt the Western culture. That makes the Asian people vulnerable to breast cancer (Gomez et al., 2014). As mentioned already, the Asian American community is comprised of several races, which brings their cultural aspects and different disease history. The disease history of several races contributes to the formation of breast cancer. The breast cancer is common in women rather than men. Breast cancer is quite rare in men. It has reported that every year 2,300 new cases of breast cancer found in men (Gomez et al., 2012). A large portion of immigrants in the United States are from Asian countries. Researchers have indicated that the immigration results in health access problems. Illegal immigrants avoid the health facilities of the US due to the fear of discovery. Asian Americans with disabilities are very much prone to the breast cancers. The problem of obesity plays a key role in promoting cancer more (Vasireddy, 2016). As stated by Gomez et al. (2013), sexual orientation is another parameter that determines the rate of breast cancer. It has found that the lesbians are less prone to have breast cancer. The occurrence of breast cancer rate is higher if the parents have a record of breast cancer. The Asian American communities have 20% breast cancer inherited from the parents. Socioeconomic condition of the community restricts the individuals to access the health facilities (Jabson Bowen, 2014). The individuals with low earning suppose to get poor health care coverage in the Asian American community. Thus, the people of the community avoid the regular health checkups (minorityhealth.hhs.gov). Recommendations The exact cure of the breast cancer in not known yet. But there are several things that can reduce the risk of breast cancer. The Asian American women have to follow the breast cancer screening tests regularly. It is mandatory to record the mammogram data at regular intervals. Mammogram data will help to recognize the early stages of the breast cancer for which proper treatment is available. Two common tests for the breast cancer screening are- Mammogram which is a safe low-dose x-ray examination to find out changes in the breasts. Individuals need to record the mammogram data in every 1-2 years. Asian American women need to follow the physicians advice to perform the first mammogram before the age of 40 (Yaghjyan et al., 2013) Clinical breast exam refers to the routine check up for detecting formation of lumps or other unusual things. Apart from the screening test, the Asian American women have to concern about the health status. The people need to maintain the body weight under normal parameter and maintain a healthy diet consists of vegetables and fruit and avoid drinking alcohol (Oztunc et al., 2013). If an individual keeps physically active by regular exercise, then it will reduce the risk of breast cancer. The Asian families having children need to breast feed the children for a long period to reduce the risk. It is also recommended to the Asian American women to avoid the estrogen-blocking drugs and give up smoking. Studies have found that menopausal hormone replacement therapy increase the rate of breast cancer. Therefore, it is mandatory to avoid the replacement therapy and use hormonal gels for safer use. Furthermore, the women who have removed both breasts have a lesser risk of 90 percent to have breast cancer. So the prophylactic surgery is the appropriate option to avoid the minimal risk of breast canc er. References CDC Works 24/7. (2016).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 22 March 2016, from https://www.cdc.gov/ Comprehensive Cancer Information. (2016).National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 22 March 2016, from https://www.cancer.gov/ DeSantis, C., Ma, J., Bryan, L., Jemal, A. (2014). Breast cancer statistics, 2013.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,64(1), 52-62. Gomez, S. L., Glaser, S. L., Horn-Ross, P. L., Cheng, I., Quach, T., Clarke, C. A., ... Satariano, W. 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Perceived stress and sexual orientation among breast cancer survivors.Journal of homosexuality,61(6), 889-898. National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health. (2016).Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2016, from https://www.nlm.nih.gov Oztunc, G., Yesil, P., Paydas, S., Erdogan, S. (2013). Social support and hopelessness in patients with breast cancer.Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention,14(1), 571-578. Vasireddy, S. (2016). Factors affecting breast cancer a study of socio economic profile of a patient in hospital setting. Wen, K. Y., Fang, C. Y., Ma, G. X. (2014). Breast cancer experience and survivorship among Asian Americans: a systematic review.Journal of Cancer Survivorship,8(1), 94-107. Womenshealth.gov. (2016) Retrieved 22 March 2016, from https://womenshealth.gov/ Yaghjyan, L., Colditz, G. A., Rosner, B., Tamimi, R. M. (2013). 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